The proposal notably omits a central Democratic demand for a significant expansion of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, known as SNAP, setting the stage for a partisan standoff over the legislation.

The farm bill, a sprawling package typically renewed every five years, governs both agricultural subsidies and nutrition assistance. For months, Democrats have insisted that any final deal must include a substantial increase in SNAP benefits, arguing that rising food costs have strained low income households. Mr. Boozman’s decision to exclude that provision signals that Republicans intend to prioritize crop insurance and commodity support programs favored by rural constituents.

The omission comes as the committee faces a tight deadline. The current farm bill expired last fall, and lawmakers have relied on a one year extension that will lapse at the end of September. Without a new bill or another extension, critical programs for farmers and food banks could face disruptions.

Mr. Boozman’s approach mirrors that of House Republicans, who advanced their own version of the farm bill last year without major SNAP changes. That measure passed along party lines in the House Agriculture Committee but stalled on the floor amid opposition from both conservative deficit hawks and moderate Democrats.

A Narrow Path Forward

The Senate proposal is likely to face immediate resistance from Democrats, who control the chamber by a slim margin. Senator Debbie Stabenow of Michigan, the committee’s top Democrat, has repeatedly called for an increase in the Thrifty Food Plan, the metric used to calculate SNAP benefits. She argues that the current formula does not reflect actual grocery costs.

Mr. Boozman has countered that the 2023 update to the Thrifty Food Plan already provided a significant boost to benefits, and that further expansion would drive up the bill’s cost to unsustainable levels. The Congressional Budget Office has estimated that even modest changes to SNAP could add tens of billions of dollars to the farm bill’s price tag over a decade.

With both sides dug in, the path to a bipartisan agreement remains unclear. Some analysts predict that lawmakers may ultimately settle for another short term extension, pushing the most contentious decisions past the November elections. Mr. Boozman is scheduled to brief reporters on his proposal later this week.